The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rosuvastatin in experimentally-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) was administered orally to induce liver damage in female Long Evans rats. Rats were treated with CCl4 alone twice a week over two weeks. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) was also given daily to CCl4 treated rats concurrently by nasogastric gavage. After two weeks, various oxidative stress markers as well as liver markers enzymes were investigated in different animal groups tested in this study. Moreover, histological assessments were also done for inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the liver of all test groups. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were increased in the CCl4 group compared with the control group. Increased liver enzyme activities were significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, rosuvastatin treatment inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products in CCl4 administered rats. Rosuvastatin treatment also restored the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as elevated the reduced glutathione concentration in CCl4 administered rats. Liver tissues from rats of control group also revealed no significant pathological changes, while CCl4 administered rats showed significant infiltration of inflammatory cells and liver fibrosis, which was further, normalized or significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. This study revealed that, rosuvastatin treatment may ameliorate all necro-inflammatory and fibrotic changes in liver tissues of CCl4 induced rats and could be used as an alternative therapy for chemical or drug-induced liver fibrosis.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rosuvastatin in experimentally-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) was administered orally to induce liver damage in female Long Evans rats. Rats were treated with CCl4 alone twice a week over two weeks. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) was also given daily to CCl4 treated rats concurrently by nasogastric gavage. After two weeks, various oxidative stress markers as well as liver markers enzymes were investigated in different animal groups tested in this study. Moreover, histological assessments were also done for inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the liver of all test groups. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were increased in the CCl4 group compared with the control group. Increased liver enzyme activities were significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, rosuvastatin treatment inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products in CCl4 administered rats. Rosuvastatin treatment also restored the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as elevated the reduced glutathione concentration in CCl4 administered rats. Liver tissues from rats of control group also revealed no significant pathological changes, while CCl4 administered rats showed significant infiltration of inflammatory cells and liver fibrosis, which was further, normalized or significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. This study revealed that, rosuvastatin treatment may ameliorate all necro-inflammatory and fibrotic changes in liver tissues of CCl4 induced rats and could be used as an alternative therapy for chemical or drug-induced liver fibrosis.

Growing functional information regarding bioactive TLQP-21 has led to the ubiquitous demand for identification of receptors associated to the peptide, which resulted in the first wave of murine TLQP-21 receptors, gC1qR and C3AR1. gC1qR was identified as receptor of TLQP-21 using chemical crosslinking and monomeric avidin column purification following by MS analysis. TLQP-21 responsive CHO-K1 cells were used to search for its receptor, C3AR1. Putative GPCRs, which may partake in regulating intracellular biological functions induced by TLQP-21, were indexed after the CHO-K1 cellular transcriptome was sequenced using unbiased Genome Wide Sequencing. TLQP-21 binding in the cells were found to be reduced by the gene knockdown with the siRNAs targeting C3AR1. C3AR1 antagonist, SB290157 was shown to prohibit TLQP-21 activity in CHOK1 cells. But this finding was not demonstrable in human cell line. The differences of human TLQP-21 sequence with that of murine TLQP-21 explains the poor binding of the human orthologue with its corresponding receptor. This may suggest a different set of receptors when considering human and rodent variants of TLQP-21. The identification of HSPA8 as receptor was performed using affinity based chromatography and mass spectrometry from human SHSY-5Y cells. Molecular studies in silico revealed that the peptide binding pocket in HSPA8 is an appropriate fit for TLQP-21 docking. Cross-linking and FACS methods presented the TLQP-21 binding to cells from the SHSY-5Y line. The establishment of HSPA8 as a putative receptor for human TLQP-21 can be exploited to explore new horizon in diagnosis and therapies for VGF related human diseases.

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus), an edible mushroom, is traditionally being used as a curing. However, hypoglycemic as well as antidyslipidemic effects on methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of oyster mushroom in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rat model was not investigated yet. Here, we investigated that oral administration of 200 mg/kg oyster mushroom for 30 days were estimated through evaluating the fasting blood glucose level and blood lipid profile of diabetic rat. The results from our studies explained that P. ostreatusoyster mushroom considerably decreased blood glucose level initiated after treatment on second week. However, oyster mushroom was significantly reduced in plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), as well as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Additionally, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was enhanced by the treatment of oyster mushroom. Therefore, the current study suggests that P. ostreatus has antihyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic effect on streptozotocin-induce diabetic rat model.

Growing functional information regarding bioactive TLQP-21 has led to the ubiquitous demand for identification of receptors associated to the peptide, which resulted in the first wave of murine TLQP-21 receptors, gC1qR and C3AR1. gC1qR was identified as receptor of TLQP-21 using chemical crosslinking and monomeric avidin column purification following by MS analysis. TLQP-21 responsive CHO-K1 cells were used to search for its receptor, C3AR1. Putative GPCRs, which may partake in regulating intracellular biological functions induced by TLQP-21, were indexed after the CHO-K1 cellular transcriptome was sequenced using unbiased Genome Wide Sequencing. TLQP-21 binding in the cells were found to be reduced by the gene knockdown with the siRNAs targeting C3AR1. C3AR1 antagonist, SB290157 was shown to prohibit TLQP-21 activity in CHOK1 cells. But this finding was not demonstrable in human cell line. The differences of human TLQP-21 sequence with that of murine TLQP-21 explains the poor binding of the human orthologue with its corresponding receptor. This may suggest a different set of receptors when considering human and rodent variants of TLQP-21. The identification of HSPA8 as receptor was performed using affinity based chromatography and mass spectrometry from human SHSY-5Y cells. Molecular studies in silico revealed that the peptide binding pocket in HSPA8 is an appropriate fit for TLQP-21 docking. Cross-linking and FACS methods presented the TLQP-21 binding to cells from the SHSY-5Y line. The establishment of HSPA8 as a putative receptor for human TLQP-21 can be exploited to explore new horizon in diagnosis and therapies for VGF related human diseases.

The aim of this research was to investigate the age related histomorphological and involutory changes of bursa of Fabricius of sonali chicken at different postnatal stages in Bangladesh. The present research was carried out on bursa of 25 healthy sonali chicken representing different stage of postnatal life; Day 1, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56. Sample (bursa) was collected after sacrificing the chickens by cervical subluxation method. Harris’s Haematoxylin and 1% Eosin Y stain was done to facilitate microscopic study. Grossly, the bursa was smooth, yellowish to milkish white in color. The average weight gain, length, width and thickness of bursa was developed parallel with age and found statistically significant (p<0.001). Age dependent changes were noticed in number of follicle per plicae, length and breadth of plicae, length and breadth of follicle, thickness of cortex and breadth of medulla of follicle, height of lining epithelium and thickness of tunica muscularis and found to be developing significantly (p<0.05) from Day 1 to Day 56. No involutory signs were found during study period. From the present study, it might be concluded that the growth and development of bursa of sonali chicken in Bangladesh was age related. The findings of this experiment would help to give an idea about the immune status of sonali chicken and provide a basis for further immunization research at different postnatal stages of development in sonali chicken.

Combining use of various methods of bird study from line transect observations, birds capture and release by mist-nets, collection of specimens from local people and analysis of samples kept at Pu Luong Nature Reserve (NR) office throughout the time from 2015 to 2018 and inherit the results of previous studies, we provide an updated list of 252 species of bird belonging to 58 families and 15 orders from Pu Luong NR, Thanh Hoa Province, North Vietnam.. A total of 216 species of birds were recorded during four years. In which, 74 species are reported for the first time from this nature reserve, and 41 species are first records for the avifauna of Thanh Hoa Province. Additional, the data of distribution characters of avifauna in each study site are also provided. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2019), five species were in the Near Threatened category and three species were in the vulnerable category. Compared to 6 other National Park (NP) and NR in the North Central Coast of Vietnam, the avifauna in Pu Luong NR is close to the avifauna in Pu Hu NR. There are 89 common bird species recorded in all 7 NP and NR, while there are 15 species recorded only in Pu Luong NR. Birds are considered as good bio-indicators of the degree of human disturbance to the forest ecosystem. Observing changes in bird community can assess the status of the forest in the future.

Bisphenol- A (BPA) is a multi-functional chemical produced in large volumes that is extensively used primarily in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Black seed oil (BSO) has been employed for many century as one of the main sources of nutrition and healthcare both for humans and animals. The study was carried out to investigate the effects of BPA and BSO on blood, hormone profile, and histopathological changes of ovary in female mice. Total 15 female Swiss Albino mice, aged between 6-8 weeks with an average body weight of 27.4±1g were randomly divided into 3 groups (5 mice/group). Group A act as vehicle control. Group B was administered 50 mg BPA /kg bw daily, while group C received both BPA and BSO and dose rate was 50 mg BPA /kg/day and 1ml BSO/kg/day respectively. Results revealed that Hb concentration, TEC and PCV (p<0.01) were significantly reduced while such difference was absent in other hematological values in BPA treated group compared to control. Inclusion of BSO along with BPA prevented or improved the alterations of those values. Hormonal study showed that, serum thyroxine (T4) and Estradiol level were significantly (p<0.01) reduced by BPA and BSO counteracted the negative effects of BPA. Histopathological study of ovary demonstrated that there were degenerative changes in the lining of granulosa cells of ovarian follicles upon treatment with BPA. From the present study it could be concluded that subjection to BPA is accompanied with anemia, hormonal homeostasis disturbances and granulosa cells degeneration.

Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics (JABET) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Bangladesh Society for Microbiology, Immunology, and Advanced Biotechnology (BSMIAB). From the beginning, JABET is devoted to publishing the latest advances and discoveries in translational research in the field of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences by providing a fast, honest, and impartial peer-review of submitted manuscripts. Papers published in JABET cover the clinical science and medical aspects involved in genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of human, animal, environment, and plant subjects. JABET publishes full-length peer-reviewed articles reporting original research, reviews articles on the frontier topics, short communication, and editorial (invited contribution).

This investigation was carried out to study the extremely diversified characteristics of rhizobial strains isolated from locally produced legumes of different varieties. The rhizobial isolates designated as S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4, S 5 and S 6 were purified and subjected to various morphological, cultural, antibiogram and biochemical and plasmid profiling to unmask their diversified nature to some extent. The study revealed that the Sesbania strain (S 2) possessed extraordinary properties for most other strains. Though the strain is allocated in the slow-growing group, it showed an atypical fast growth rate, and also it produced a profuse amount of exopolysaccharide (EPS)/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Arachis and Vigna strains also showed a faster growth rate than usual, whereas the rate of EPS/LPS production was profuse in the cases of Vigna and Lens strains. This rate was noted low in cases of Pisum and Arachis strains, while Phaseolus produced a moderate amount of EPS/LPS. Like Sesbania, the Pisum strain also absorbed Congo red dye strongly and including Sesbania, all the other strains ware catalase-negative, which was an unusual property of rhizobial strains. Antibiogram profile of the test strains was done to retain experimental strains after plant infection test, as overlapping host range is a common phenomenon in symbiosis. The antibiogram profiles showed that more or less all the strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Bacitracin, and Amoxicillin. Phaseolus strain was intermediate to Bacitracin, and Pisum strain was susceptible to Ampicillin, which can be related to loss of the plasmid. In plasmid profiling of the strains, several numbers of plasmid DNA band was observed under UV transilluminator after gel electrophoresis. In the present study, rhizobial species from different leguminous plants were detected, and plasmids were cured of the cell using acridine orange to determine their effect on Rhizobium spp. for antibiotic resistance. The findings of the research point out the diverse nature of rhizobial isolates with specific reference to the strains infective on Sesbania aculeate, which poses problems to characterize strains infective of different legumes.

Human brucellosis, also termed as Malta fever or Mediterranean fever, is prevalent globally having heavy repercussions in the form of reproductive losses and infertility, arthritis, mastitis, and severe pathologic lesions. This research aimed to analyze the seroprevalence of brucellosis in Alkharj region of Saudi Arabia and identify significant risk factors and their impact on prevalence of brucellosis in patients of the region. This research was however confined to investigating the seroprevalence of human brucellosis in such patients that complained prolonged fever. The study used a cross-sectional survey method to identify patients complaining Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) with tested and proven presence of clinical characteristics of brucellosis. The results confirmed Brucellosis in 38/278(13.6 %) patients and a strong relationship was also observed between its prevalence and the risk factors such as direct contact with animal, consumption of raw milk and animal products. A proactive approach is required to sensitize people about human brucellosis and to exercise severe discipline. The study recommends introducing awareness programs among livestock community and highlight risk factors. Serological surveillance units may also be established at all district headquarters. In order to diagnose the disease at early stages, valid and reliable serological tests should be made readily available.

The study reports the in vivo antidiarrheal and in vitro cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities of methanolic extract of Hedychium coccineum leaves (MEHCL). The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated by castor oil-induced diarrhea, whereas the intestinal motility by charcoal marker. In addition, brine shrimp lethality bioassay and human blood clot lysis were used to evaluate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities, respectively. In antidiarrheal study, castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility exhibited a significant dose dependent reduction in diarrhea and defecation and an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) inhibition in intestinal motility and peristalsis index by 200 and 400 mg/kg of MEHCL. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay revealed a considerable cytotoxic effect of MEHCL (LC50= 81.59 µg/mL; R² = 0.927) while in thrombolytic a significant percentage of clot lysis (17.36%, P < 0.01) demonstrated. The findings suggest that H. coccineum leaves could be potential sources for biological activity.

Growing functional information regarding bioactive TLQP-21 has led to the ubiquitous demand for identification of receptors associated to the peptide, which resulted in the first wave of murine TLQP-21 receptors, gC1qR and C3AR1. gC1qR was identified as receptor of TLQP-21 using chemical crosslinking and monomeric avidin column purification following by MS analysis. TLQP-21 responsive CHO-K1 cells were used to search for its receptor, C3AR1. Putative GPCRs, which may partake in regulating intracellular biological functions induced by TLQP-21, were indexed after the CHO-K1 cellular transcriptome was sequenced using unbiased Genome Wide Sequencing. TLQP-21 binding in the cells were found to be reduced by the gene knockdown with the siRNAs targeting C3AR1. C3AR1 antagonist, SB290157 was shown to prohibit TLQP-21 activity in CHOK1 cells. But this finding was not demonstrable in human cell line. The differences of human TLQP-21 sequence with that of murine TLQP-21 explains the poor binding of the human orthologue with its corresponding receptor. This may suggest a different set of receptors when considering human and rodent variants of TLQP-21. The identification of HSPA8 as receptor was performed using affinity based chromatography and mass spectrometry from human SHSY-5Y cells. Molecular studies in silico revealed that the peptide binding pocket in HSPA8 is an appropriate fit for TLQP-21 docking. Cross-linking and FACS methods presented the TLQP-21 binding to cells from the SHSY-5Y line. The establishment of HSPA8 as a putative receptor for human TLQP-21 can be exploited to explore new horizon in diagnosis and therapies for VGF related human diseases.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rosuvastatin in experimentally-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) was administered orally to induce liver damage in female Long Evans rats. Rats were treated with CCl4 alone twice a week over two weeks. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) was also given daily to CCl4 treated rats concurrently by nasogastric gavage. After two weeks, various oxidative stress markers as well as liver markers enzymes were investigated in different animal groups tested in this study. Moreover, histological assessments were also done for inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the liver of all test groups. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were increased in the CCl4 group compared with the control group. Increased liver enzyme activities were significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, rosuvastatin treatment inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products in CCl4 administered rats. Rosuvastatin treatment also restored the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as elevated the reduced glutathione concentration in CCl4 administered rats. Liver tissues from rats of control group also revealed no significant pathological changes, while CCl4 administered rats showed significant infiltration of inflammatory cells and liver fibrosis, which was further, normalized or significantly decreased by rosuvastatin treatment. This study revealed that, rosuvastatin treatment may ameliorate all necro-inflammatory and fibrotic changes in liver tissues of CCl4 induced rats and could be used as an alternative therapy for chemical or drug-induced liver fibrosis.

Combining use of various methods of bird study from line transect observations, birds capture and release by mist-nets, collection of specimens from local people and analysis of samples kept at Pu Luong Nature Reserve (NR) office throughout the time from 2015 to 2018 and inherit the results of previous studies, we provide an updated list of 252 species of bird belonging to 58 families and 15 orders from Pu Luong NR, Thanh Hoa Province, North Vietnam.. A total of 216 species of birds were recorded during four years. In which, 74 species are reported for the first time from this nature reserve, and 41 species are first records for the avifauna of Thanh Hoa Province. Additional, the data of distribution characters of avifauna in each study site are also provided. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2019), five species were in the Near Threatened category and three species were in the vulnerable category. Compared to 6 other National Park (NP) and NR in the North Central Coast of Vietnam, the avifauna in Pu Luong NR is close to the avifauna in Pu Hu NR. There are 89 common bird species recorded in all 7 NP and NR, while there are 15 species recorded only in Pu Luong NR. Birds are considered as good bio-indicators of the degree of human disturbance to the forest ecosystem. Observing changes in bird community can assess the status of the forest in the future.

The aim of this research was to investigate the age related histomorphological and involutory changes of bursa of Fabricius of sonali chicken at different postnatal stages in Bangladesh. The present research was carried out on bursa of 25 healthy sonali chicken representing different stage of postnatal life; Day 1, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56. Sample (bursa) was collected after sacrificing the chickens by cervical subluxation method. Harris’s Haematoxylin and 1% Eosin Y stain was done to facilitate microscopic study. Grossly, the bursa was smooth, yellowish to milkish white in color. The average weight gain, length, width and thickness of bursa was developed parallel with age and found statistically significant (p<0.001). Age dependent changes were noticed in number of follicle per plicae, length and breadth of plicae, length and breadth of follicle, thickness of cortex and breadth of medulla of follicle, height of lining epithelium and thickness of tunica muscularis and found to be developing significantly (p<0.05) from Day 1 to Day 56. No involutory signs were found during study period. From the present study, it might be concluded that the growth and development of bursa of sonali chicken in Bangladesh was age related. The findings of this experiment would help to give an idea about the immune status of sonali chicken and provide a basis for further immunization research at different postnatal stages of development in sonali chicken.

Bisphenol- A (BPA) is a multi-functional chemical produced in large volumes that is extensively used primarily in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Black seed oil (BSO) has been employed for many century as one of the main sources of nutrition and healthcare both for humans and animals. The study was carried out to investigate the effects of BPA and BSO on blood, hormone profile, and histopathological changes of ovary in female mice. Total 15 female Swiss Albino mice, aged between 6-8 weeks with an average body weight of 27.4±1g were randomly divided into 3 groups (5 mice/group). Group A act as vehicle control. Group B was administered 50 mg BPA /kg bw daily, while group C received both BPA and BSO and dose rate was 50 mg BPA /kg/day and 1ml BSO/kg/day respectively. Results revealed that Hb concentration, TEC and PCV (p<0.01) were significantly reduced while such difference was absent in other hematological values in BPA treated group compared to control. Inclusion of BSO along with BPA prevented or improved the alterations of those values. Hormonal study showed that, serum thyroxine (T4) and Estradiol level were significantly (p<0.01) reduced by BPA and BSO counteracted the negative effects of BPA. Histopathological study of ovary demonstrated that there were degenerative changes in the lining of granulosa cells of ovarian follicles upon treatment with BPA. From the present study it could be concluded that subjection to BPA is accompanied with anemia, hormonal homeostasis disturbances and granulosa cells degeneration.

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus), an edible mushroom, is traditionally being used as a curing. However, hypoglycemic as well as antidyslipidemic effects on methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of oyster mushroom in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rat model was not investigated yet. Here, we investigated that oral administration of 200 mg/kg oyster mushroom for 30 days were estimated through evaluating the fasting blood glucose level and blood lipid profile of diabetic rat. The results from our studies explained that P. ostreatusoyster mushroom considerably decreased blood glucose level initiated after treatment on second week. However, oyster mushroom was significantly reduced in plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), as well as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Additionally, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was enhanced by the treatment of oyster mushroom. Therefore, the current study suggests that P. ostreatus has antihyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic effect on streptozotocin-induce diabetic rat model.

ournal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics (JABET) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Bangladesh Society for Microbiology, Immunology, and Advanced Biotechnology (BSMIAB). From the beginning, JABET is devoted to publishing the latest advances and discoveries in translational research in the field of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences by providing a fast, honest, and impartial peer-review of submitted manuscripts. Papers published in JABET cover the clinical science and medical aspects involved in genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of human, animal, environment, and plant subjects. JABET publishes full-length peer-reviewed articles reporting original research, reviews articles on the frontier topics, short communication, and editorial (invited contribution).

This investigation was carried out to study the extremely diversified characteristics of rhizobial strains isolated from locally produced legumes of different varieties. The rhizobial isolates designated as S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4, S 5 and S 6 were purified and subjected to various morphological, cultural, antibiogram and biochemical and plasmid profiling to unmask their diversified nature to some extent. The study revealed that the Sesbania strain (S 2) possessed extraordinary properties for most other strains. Though the strain is allocated in the slow-growing group, it showed an atypical fast growth rate, and also it produced a profuse amount of exopolysaccharide (EPS)/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Arachis and Vigna strains also showed a faster growth rate than usual, whereas the rate of EPS/LPS production was profuse in the cases of Vigna and Lens strains. This rate was noted low in cases of Pisum and Arachis strains, while Phaseolus produced a moderate amount of EPS/LPS. Like Sesbania, the Pisum strain also absorbed Congo red dye strongly and including Sesbania, all the other strains ware catalase-negative, which was an unusual property of rhizobial strains. Antibiogram profile of the test strains was done to retain experimental strains after plant infection test, as overlapping host range is a common phenomenon in symbiosis. The antibiogram profiles showed that more or less all the strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Bacitracin, and Amoxicillin. Phaseolus strain was intermediate to Bacitracin, and Pisum strain was susceptible to Ampicillin, which can be related to loss of the plasmid. In plasmid profiling of the strains, several numbers of plasmid DNA band was observed under UV transilluminator after gel electrophoresis. In the present study, rhizobial species from different leguminous plants were detected, and plasmids were cured of the cell using acridine orange to determine their effect on Rhizobium spp. for antibiotic resistance. The findings of the research point out the diverse nature of rhizobial isolates with specific reference to the strains infective on Sesbania aculeate, which poses problems to characterize strains infective of different legumes.

Human brucellosis, also termed as Malta fever or Mediterranean fever, is prevalent globally having heavy repercussions in the form of reproductive losses and infertility, arthritis, mastitis, and severe pathologic lesions. This research aimed to analyze the seroprevalence of brucellosis in Alkharj region of Saudi Arabia and identify significant risk factors and their impact on prevalence of brucellosis in patients of the region. This research was however confined to investigating the seroprevalence of human brucellosis in such patients that complained prolonged fever. The study used a cross-sectional survey method to identify patients complaining Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) with tested and proven presence of clinical characteristics of brucellosis. The results confirmed Brucellosis in 38/278(13.6 %) patients and a strong relationship was also observed between its prevalence and the risk factors such as direct contact with animal, consumption of raw milk and animal products. A proactive approach is required to sensitize people about human brucellosis and to exercise severe discipline. The study recommends introducing awareness programs among livestock community and highlight risk factors. Serological surveillance units may also be established at all district headquarters. In order to diagnose the disease at early stages, valid and reliable serological tests should be made readily available.

The study reports the in vivo antidiarrheal and in vitro cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities of methanolic extract of Hedychium coccineum leaves (MEHCL). The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated by castor oil-induced diarrhea, whereas the intestinal motility by charcoal marker. In addition, brine shrimp lethality bioassay and human blood clot lysis were used to evaluate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities, respectively. In antidiarrheal study, castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility exhibited a significant dose dependent reduction in diarrhea and defecation and an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) inhibition in intestinal motility and peristalsis index by 200 and 400 mg/kg of MEHCL. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay revealed a considerable cytotoxic effect of MEHCL (LC50= 81.59 µg/mL; R² = 0.927) while in thrombolytic a significant percentage of clot lysis (17.36%, P < 0.01) demonstrated. The findings suggest that H. coccineum leaves could be potential sources for biological activity.